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The Exotic Rainforest
Plants in the Exotic Rainforest Collection
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In depth information on how to grow Philodendron species, Click this Link

Within our collection we have many species of Philodendron.  If you are seeking other photos, click this link

                Philodendron brandtianum K. Krause
often confused with and sold as

Philodendron variifolium
Schott

                                                      
Philodendron brandtianum, often confused with Philodendron variifolium, Photo Copyright Enid Offolter, Natural Selections Exotics

Philodendron brandtianum K Krause
Often thought to be as well as sold as

Philodendron variifolium
Schott
 

Philodendron brandtianum is found in Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador and portions of Colombia.  The species is an appressed climbing vine growing close to the host tree.  Philodendron brandtianum is often confused with Philodendron variifolium but the true Philodendron variifolium is found almost exclusively in Peru with one scientific collection recorded in Bolivia.  Based on information received from aroid botanist Dr. Thomas B. Croat Ph.D., P.A. Schulze Curator of Botany of the Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis (the world's leading aroid scientist), Philodendron brandtianum and Philodendron variifolium are botanically two completely different and dissimilar species despite information found on the internet.
Philodendron brandtianum, often confused with Philodendron variifolium, Photo Copyright 2007, Steve Lucas, www.ExoticRainforest.comThe specimen in my photograph (left) has been thought by collectors to be Philodendron variifolium and is sold with that name all over the world.  Through an exchange of email with Dr. Croat  I learned in March, 2007 the photos on this page are of Philodendron brandtianum even though the juvenile form (photo left) is almost always identified by non-scientists as Philodendron variifolium.  As you are about to read, Dr. Croat indicates the plant botanists know as Philodendron variifolium is truly a form of Philodendron deltoideum and is a tri-lobed speciesMost collectors are not aware that Philodendron species go through multiple stages of morphogenesis as they grow to adulthood and often change their physical appearance as they mature.  The photos on this page illustrate the juvenile and sub adult forms of Philodendron brandtianum, not the adult form.

This is a part of my exchange with Dr. Croat: "I think that what most people are calling Philodendron variifolium Schott is really P. brandtianum K. Krause, an appressed-climbing hemiepiphyte which when juvenile has blades that are variously variegated with gray.  Somehow Graf got a picture of this in Exotica 3 and labeled it P. variifolium.  The type of P. variifolium is a more or less 3-lobed species which was collected at the same sight as P. deflexum and indeed was one of three competing plants all with the same number competing for the name P. deflexum Poeppig.  It is actually possible, I believe, that the real P. variifolium is really P. deltoideum.  Marcela Mora and I have a paper on this subject in press."    

Dr. Croat then sent this note after reviewing my photo (left).  Hopefully this will help correct the confusion caused as a result of Mr. Graf's error in his book Exotica 3.  Despite the popularity of Mr. A. B. Graf's books, he was a horticulturist and did not have the scientific training of a botanist.  His texts have been found to have multiple scientific name errors.  Dr. Croat wrote regarding the juvenile specimen shown on this page, "I would say this is P. brandtianum.  It ranges from Central Brazil to lowland Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia.  The variegation disappears in the adult plants." 

In a subsequent email (sent to Denis Rotolante of Silver Krome Gardens in Miami, FL), Dr. Croat continued regarding the name Philodendron variifolium,
"The adult plants are rather large and have no variegation at all. I suspect that in pots or even on a totem it would never turns into the adult form in the same way that Philodendron hederaceum has remained juvenile in cultivation for centuries owing to the lack of ideal conditions for becoming adult. It must climb about 10 meters or so, climb out onto branches, then becomes pendent for 3 or more meters then it flowers."

Based on Dr. Croat's field notes published on the Missouri Botanical Garden website TROPICOS, Philodendron brandtianum grows as an epiphyte (ep-a-FIT), a hemiepiphyte (hem-a-EPA-fit), and a terrestrial form sometimes found in nature sprawling across the ground.  An epiphyte is a plant that grows upon another plant and finds its way onto a tree branch as a seed in the droppings of a rain forest bird or animal that has eaten the fruit produced by the aroid's inflorescence.  A hemiepiphyte is similar but often begins life as a seed which has fallen to the ground.  Philodendron brandtianum grows as a climbing vine pressed (appressed) tightly against the host tree. 

Very different when compared to the juvenile form, the leaf blades of the adult leaf of Philodendron brandtianum are subcoriaceous (less than leathery to the touch) and are a dark green as well as semi-glossy on the adaxial (upper) surface.  The blades do not have the variegation of the juvenile.  The underside of the leaf blade is semi-glossy but paler in color.  The adult blade's underside is the same color throughout (concolorous).  Juvenile plants are noticeably variegated with light and darker greens.   In the wild, Philodendron brandtianum must climb to a substantial height in to develop the large leaves as well as produce an inflorescence. 

The cataphylls which surround any newly emerging leaf blade are sharply single ribbed and a medium green in color.   The cataphylls are bract like modified leaves that surround and protect the newly emerging leaves and are the singular most important identifying characteristic of an aroid.  The cataphylls are deciduous and soon fall from the plant.  The petioles which support the leaf blades are terete (round) and are a dark green in color.   

The photos at the top of this page as well as to the right (below) are from the collection of Enid and Sam Offolter at Natural Selections Exotics in Fort Lauderdale.   A similar specimen to the juvenile shown above was judged "Most Unusual Aroid" at the 2005 International Aroid Society Show and Sale at Fairchild Tropical Gardens in Miami, FL.  It won that award using the name Philodendron variifolium

Philodendron brandtianum, often confused with Philodendron variifolium, Photo Copyright Enid Offolter, Natural Selections ExoticsAll Philodendron species are aroids. An aroid is a plant that reproduces by producing an inflorescence known to science as a spathe and spadix.  Many believe the spathe is a "flower" but it is not. The spathe is simply a modified leaf appearing to be a hood .  When an aroid is referred to as "flowering" the reference is to the very small flowers found on the spadix.  The reference has nothing to do with the spathe.   Within the inflorescence there are extremely small flowers found on the spadix at the center of the inflorescence. The inflorescence, which is sometimes shaped like a tube and often known by collectors as a  "flower" is the spathe and inside that is the spadix.  When ready to reproduce, the spadix produces both male, female and sterile flowers which if pollinated will produce the berries containing seeds.  

The spathe of Philodendron brandtianum is a medium to dark green and is a dark violet purple on the interior.  An adult specimen produces a single spathe per axil.  The spathe is semi-glossy and is supported on a short peduncle that is dark green.  A peduncle is the internode between the spathe and the last foliage leaf.  As pointed out by Dr. Croat the adult plant must climb approximately 10 meters (over 30 feet) and grow out onto the host tree's branches and become pendent (hang) for another 3 or more meters (10 feet) before it will produce an inflorescence.  The spathe of Philodendron variifolium (which is not the same species as Philodendron brandtianum) is yellowish in color. 

Philodendron brandtianum has proven it can become deciduous (drop its leaves) and does not enjoy excess water during the winter months even though it does enjoy damp and humid conditions during the hot growing season.  As a result, we cut the water back from November through March.

Philodendron species are known to be highly variable and not every leaf of every specimen will always appear the same.  This link explains natural variation and morphogenesis within aroid and other species.  Click here

 

 

Want to learn more about aroids?
Join the International Aroid Society:
  http://www.exoticrainforest.com/Join%20IAS.html

Specimens may be available from 

Natural Selections Exotics   


Brian's Botanicals
http://www.briansbotanicals.net/

 

If you are seeking information on other rare species, click on "Aroids and other genera in the Collection" at the top and look for the